Discuss the application of each of following in biology today and include three examples of each with a brief description.
- DNA in forensic science
- Population evolution and microbial life
- Biological diversity evolution
- Plant and animal evolution
- Population growth
- Biomes and ecosystems
SC160.3.1 Basic Biology
Assignment 08
Elements of Biology
In today's golden age, biology is a natural science related to the study of living organism and their life, divided into many different fields with their behavior, origin, function, distribution and evolution There are several elements in biology. I am going to describe step by step. One of the great invention of biology is DNA. DNA(deoxyribonucleic acid) is a hereditary material in all humans and mostly in all living organisms. In a human body, almost every cell has the same DNA which is located in nucleus cell and mitochondria and each and every person has a different genetic make up and the DNA varies with each person. In Forensic Science, mostly DNA is used to solve the crime by analysis a wide variety of different samples. It includes blood, saliva, urine, skin, hair and semen. DNA plays a very important role to solve problems in forensic science. It gives a solution to every confusing questions of a crime. DNA profile found at crime scenes helps to identify a criminal and to exonerate person who is wrongly accused of crime. It is impossible to solve a crime without the help of forensic science in this advanced world.
Similarly, another step is evolution of population and microbial life. As predicted by Darwin's theory of evolution, the evolution of population is the changes population undergo when organism change overtime. Overtime, organisms which are most fit for the environment survive and unfit organisms die. Evolution can also be defined as the process of formation or growth by the change of time. Microorganisms are single-cell organisms which includes almost all microscopic organisms including bacteria and archaea, which lack a cell nucleus or other membrane-bound cellular structures, and protists. People often think that microbes is just for causing disease in humans and animals like pneumonia, but in spite of that it plays a very important role in ecosystem of Earth and also in human's life. Ocean bacteria produce almost half of the oxygen in the atmosphere. Population growth and survive is impossible without microbes. Microbes found in ocean produce vitamins, recycle nutrients and organic matter which is necessary to higher organisms for their growth and survive. However, it plays the same role to humans. Many micro-organisms are in relation to humans from a million of years for their development. It can also be called as the life of animals is depend on microbial life. For example, Bacteria is used to make antibiotics, cheese, yoghurts, food, vinegar, beer and so on.
The evolution of biodiversity comes in the third step. The term "biodiversity" refers to the variety of life forms in a habitat, whether it's a local environment or an entire planet. It includes different species in an area with genetic variation. Every variety of species on Earth is related to every other species in a order every bit as complex as the systems of energy flow within an ecosystem. In evolutionary diversity, the energy flow is not a connection, but rather genetic connections that brings together species. The two species which are more closely connected are, the more genetic information they will share and the more similar or close looks they will appear. The large circle of evolutionary relatedness involve every species on Earth. For example, western gray squirrels and eastern gray squirrels are more similar but they do not have any common mating behavior. Continuously, Bald eagle and giant eagle is also one of the example of biodiversity evolution. This is the evolutionary chain of life. Each and every variety of species are descended from a single common ancestor, that ancient single- celled microbe, all inherited RNA. As time passes, species move and develop their own peculiar attributes, thus making their own contribution to the biodiversity.
Evolution of plants and animals comes in the fourth. Evolution means the changes by time. Evolution is related to the past and present, like how the world was before 100 years ago in today's comparison. The evolution of plants and animals happens by the change of environment and by sexual reproduction, which occurs in eukaryotes. This type o changes is followed by genetic information. The process of changing in plants and animals are similar and related to each other. As time goes by, the changes in climate, soil, water and air the living beings should also need to change or adapt new climate, if they cannot they will extinct from the environment. Food and energy supply makes the plants and animals survive. For example, if a bird from one region move to another region and lives there, then the new environment has its effect on this bird's future generation. The history of evolution of plants and animals is from the Early Archean. The process of evolution is same on aquatic, terrestrial and amphibians animals and plants. It is impossible to survive in the absence of one in plants and animals. It is a ecosystem, such as plant posses its air and food from animals and animals posses its air food and energy from plants.
The increase in the number of people that reside within a state or country is called Population growth. The growth rate of population is around 75 million annually in the world. There was a number of 1 billion population in 1800 and in 2012 it increased up to 7 billion. From the research, it shows that if it goes continuously there will be 10 billion population in the world by the end of the century. It can also be define as the change in a population by time, and can be quantified as the change of each individuals using "per unit time" for measurement. If there is a increased number of population growth rate than dying rate, it creates very serious problem in the world. Poverty, lack of development, Crime and illiteracy are some of the examples of increased population growth. The four factors which makes effects in population growth is birth, death, immigrants and emigrants. Like, if there are more birth rate than death rate and if there is a rank of people living longer and lower infant mortality rate. Migration also results in population changes at regional levels. These are some of the reasons for population growth.
At last, the effective elements of biology is Biomes and ecosystems. Biomes is a large area of the earth where plants, animals and soil organisms are adapted in a particular environment with the climate and geography of the region. A biome is a neighboring area of many similar ecosystems and it is bigger than ecosystem. Ecosystem is a system formed by the interaction of a community of living organisms (plants, animals and microbes) with the environment (air, water and soil). The plants, animals and organisms are depend on each other in an ecosystem. For example, plant is depend on soil and sunlight, rabbit is depend on plant and tiger is depend on rabbit. Ecosystem is a part of biomes. Biomes are usually identified by a dominant vegetation. They are classified as terrestrial (land), aquatic (water), or anthropogenic (dominated by humans). Tundra, desert, chaparral, and open ocean are some of the examples of biomes. Biomes plays a very important role in providing life on earth and in climate formation.
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